Building for Life

Sustainable technologies like wind and solar get a lot of press coverage, but when it comes to satisfying the world’s almost insatiable appetite for energy, nothing today beats energy efficiency.

While the efficiency of commercial buildings has improved significantly in recent decades, the building industry has only begun to tap the energy reserves trapped in underperforming facilities, according to Piscataway, N.J.-based Trane, a global provider of indoor comfort solutions and services, and a brand of Ingersoll Rand.

Trane, which celebrates 100 years of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) innovation in 2013, foresees a wide range of groundbreaking innovations in high-performance building technologies, operating practices and intelligent building services that will create better, healthier, more comfortable and more productive indoor environments in the years to come.

Modern Technologies, Practices

Building owners and operators can realize a wide range of benefits by adopting high-performance building technologies and operating principles that are widely available today. New technologies and improved energy-efficiency practices enable commercial buildings to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency, better overall performance, lower lifecycle costs and a smaller environmental footprint.

Numerous sources, including the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and the European Union Institute for Energy and Transport say that high-performance buildings use 20 percent to 30 percent less energy and cost as much as 50 percent less to operate over their full occupied life, compared with conventionally equipped and operated buildings.

More energy-efficient building systems and the use of a wide range of energy conservation measures have helped drive down the energy intensity of commercial buildings by 8.5 percent over the past three decades, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). But the inventory of existing buildings has just scratched the surface when it comes to realizing the full potential of energy efficiency to help reduce global energy consumption and our environmental impact.

Food stores are a target-rich environment for energy-efficiency improvements, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), which notes that grocery stores rank among the most energy-intensive building type. In fact, a typical grocery store uses about twice the energy per square foot as the average commercial building, according to the EIA.

McKinsey and Co. research concludes that the United States has the opportunity to reduce its non-transportation energy use by 23 percent by improving energy efficiency. This would eliminate more than $1.2 trillion in wasted spending and reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 1.1 gigatons, which is the equivalent of taking every passenger vehicle off U.S. roadways, the research concluded.

Just as importantly, building owners and operators are starting to recognize that better-performing buildings are assets that help organizations accomplish their missions and most important financial and operational goals. They create better, healthier, more productive places for people to work, learn, teach, live, heal, shop, stay and visit.

Many new buildings are being designed and operated using high-performance building principles. The problem is that relatively few new buildings are being built these days, at least in North America and Europe. According to the 2013 McGraw-Hill Construction Forecast, commercial construction growth in recent years has been “hesitant at best.” In fact, 2012 commercial construction starts were valued at about $50 billion, compared with more than $100 billion in 2007. McGraw-Hill forecasts about $56 billion in commercial construction starts in 2013. Things are no better in Europe, where no growth in construction starts is projected through at least 2014, according to the European Aggregates Association.

Opportunities Abound

For the foreseeable future, the greatest energy, operating and service performance-improvement opportunities can be found in the world’s inventory of existing buildings. These buildings represent an attractive target for efficiency improvements because they account for about one-third of the electricity consumed, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Efficient Buildings Private-Public Partnership, and generate about 18 percent to 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

Energy retrofitting of European buildings would yield an estimated 20 percent to 50 percent improvement in energy consumption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 12 percent and create more than 3 million jobs, according to the European Buildings under a Microscope report, prepared by the Buildings Performance Institute of Europe.

This is a watershed moment in the evolution of the high-performance building movement as technologies and practices mature and the body of evidence supporting adoption of these principles continues to grow. Following are some of the factors driving adoption:

• Continuing improvements in the economy will likely cause organizations to resume historic levels of capital investment. This includes spending on new construction, building additions and HVAC system retrofits, provided that building owners can achieve an acceptable rate of return on their investment.
• The expanded capabilities of building-modeling software make it easier to analyze and predict the long-term impact of choosing high-performance building alternatives during the design and construction phases. Meanwhile, the “green premium” is shrinking; the USGBC estimates that the incremental cost of choosing high-performance building features ranges from 0 percent to 6.5 percent. Trane has found that the cost of implementing energy conservation measures is recouped many times over a building’s long occupied life. For example, replacing outdated lighting fixtures, lamps and controls offers one of the best rates of return on investment, often paying for itself in three years or less. Rapid improvements in LED lighting technologies promise to extend the opportunity for improvements.
• While energy prices haven’t been as volatile at the electric meter as at the gasoline pump, commercial and industrial utility rates have grown at a compounded rate of about 3 percent per year over the past 15 years, according to the EIA. Meanwhile, the DOE reports that overall demand for electricity is on the rise, with the commercial sector as a whole consuming 72 percent more power in 2010 than it did in 1980. Technology advances enable organizations to mitigate the impact of rising energy costs and increased consumption.
• Evidence continues to grow that better-performing buildings yield better-performing organizations. For example, research by Michigan State University shows that workgroups moving into Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified buildings achieve higher levels of productivity; a CoStar Group study found that commercial buildings with Energy Star or LEED credentials commanded premium rents, enjoyed higher occupancy rates and sold for higher prices on the open market; and a study by the Building Commission of Victoria, Australia, found that worker productivity can be enhanced by about 30 percent with an optimal indoor environment.
• Organizations of all kinds are under extreme pressure to do more with less -- less budget, fewer resources and a smaller staff. Building automation systems, which are key enablers of optimal building performance, automatically perform tasks that used to require human intervention with the intelligence to optimize results. Wireless communications technology, applied in these systems with open-communications standards, will prove to be a breakthrough in improving controls and energy optimization in the commercial existing building market.
• Sensors embedded in mechanical systems will provide critical data used by intelligent service programs to analyze, predict problems and take corrective actions with building HVAC equipment that leads to improved reliability, extended equipment life and efficient operation.
• Environmental performance goes hand-in-hand with energy efficiency. Exact rules, reporting requirements and milestones are up in the air in many jurisdictions. However, it’s a sure bet that organizations of all types will be compelled to comply not just with more stringent national, state and local regulations, but also with higher expectations from customers, shareowners, employees and the community.

Better-performing Buildings on the Horizon

The world of indoor climate solutions has changed dramatically over the course of the past century, due largely to technical innovations that make buildings better and help owners and operators accomplish their missions and achieve their most critical goals. No doubt the next century will bring about innovations that are every bit as impactful as the convector radiator, the turbo-vacuum compressor, unitary air conditioning and building automation controls.

Meanwhile, there’s no sense in waiting for the “next big thing” and the new generation of super-efficient buildings when we have the technology and know-how today to extract the tremendous energy reserves that exist within millions of underperforming buildings. Industry leaders like Trane continue to explore concepts that apply to both new and existing buildings, and promise to take energy efficiency to new heights in the next several decades:

• The biggest leap forward in building efficiency will come not only from improving the performance of individual systems such as HVAC, mechanical, lighting and access control, but also from enabling all building systems to operate in harmony. Advancements in control technology and wireless communications, along with the continuing move to common operating systems, will enable unprecedented interoperability of key building systems and allow more sophisticated building control strategies.
• Grocery stores will continue to look for ways to reduce energy consumption while also creating better indoor environments for shoppers and employees. According to Energy Star, the greatest opportunities to save energy are in building retro-commissioning, upgrading HVAC and air distribution systems, and modernizing lighting fixtures, lamps and controls.
• nnovative HVAC approaches will either come online or grow in popularity as the drive to reduce energy consumption continues. Examples include geothermal heat pumps, thermal storage, modular HVAC systems and ductless air conditioning.
• Performance of even the best-designed and -operated buildings degrades over time, according to researchers at the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, who advocate continuous monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis, and commissioning to keep buildings operating at their original design performance levels. More organizations will adopt commissioning, re-commissioning and continuous-commissioning strategies to help realize the full value of their high-performance building investments.
• The move to intelligent services and predictive maintenance models will accelerate as building owners and operators strive to improve reliability, reduce operating costs and do more with less. Intelligent services combine technology, access to unprecedented levels of data and sophisticated analytics to continuously collect, interpret and act upon data from building systems and controls to optimize operational performance. Sensors and smart controllers built into HVAC equipment and connected to the Web will fuel this sophisticated data analysis. Intelligent analytics will be able to study equipment usage patterns and learn from past experience. With capable service partners, building operators can focus internal resources on other priorities and reduce challenges associated with a shortage of qualified HVAC specialists.
• Building-modeling and analysis software has come a long way since its introduction during the energy crisis of the early 1970s, and the science of modeling continues to advance. Features enable building owners and their energy services partners to compare the impact of various choices and use net present value-based cost analysis, which provides a more realistic picture of the total savings that energy conservation measures will generate over a building’s lifecycle. Modeling also helps designers accurately match building system capacity to anticipated requirements.
• The new generation of building occupants -- including the tech natives born in the information age -- has different expectations from their older colleagues. They expect to interact with building systems via smart devices, for example, changing the way the building industry thinks about user interface. They want to work flexible hours, access data remotely, put a premium on personal time and work for organizations whose values -- including environmental values -- they share. All of these things have implications for building owners and operators, and the systems they choose for their buildings.
• Better communications with utilities will enable building operators to take advantage of the best available rates and use thermal storage and other technologies to shift cooling load to off-peak hours. Advanced control systems share data openly between building systems and utilities to enable these capabilities.
• Energy companies will find new ways to go to market. For example, instead of selling hardware, original-equipment manufacturers may offer their customers the opportunity to buy “occupant comfort” and charge a monthly fee to supply whatever combination of products and services are necessary to keep building occupants comfortable.
• The combination of automated controls, wireless communications and more sophisticated electronic sensors will make it easier for operators to personalize comfort settings for individuals and reduce energy costs by avoiding cooling or heating vacant areas at the same level as occupied ones.
• Water scarcity is likely to become one of the pivotal environmental concerns of this century, and HVAC system providers will no doubt be challenged to develop systems that operate with less water. Like manufacturers of other kinds of equipment, HVAC companies will need to thoroughly examine their products’ environmental end-to-end footprint, from design through disposal.
• Many of tomorrow’s high-performance buildings will generate some or most of the energy they use on-site, often using alternative generation methods such as solar, wind or fuel cells. An alternative to large regional power plants, this distributed generation model enables buildings to sell any excess power they generate to the public power grid, realizing the potential of a net-zero building that creates more energy than it consumes.

The demand for energy in the developed and developing world continues to grow exponentially, with no end in sight. Finding sustainable energy solutions is a complex problem. Solving it will require us to continue to develop safe and efficient methods to find, develop and produce fossil fuels while also exploring alternative forms of energy generation.

It’s impossible to overstate the importance of energy efficiency in the equation. Tapping into the energy reserves trapped in underperforming buildings can take us a long way toward ensuring that the needs of an energy-intensive world are met.

Randy Newton is VP of global engineering for the Climate Solutions business of Ingersoll Rand, which includes the Trane and Thermo King brands. Ingersoll Rand is a world leader in creating and sustaining safe, comfortable and efficient environments in commercial, residential and industrial markets. Newton is responsible for developing new technologies, products and applications for the Trane and Thermo King brands. He has more than 30 years of experience with Trane, including leadership positions in operations, quality, product management, product planning and engineering.

Matt Gates is VP, energy management services and solutions for Trane, a global provider of indoor comfort systems and services and a brand of Ingersoll Rand. Gates works with Trane customers to develop solutions and services to reduce energy consumption in commercial buildings. He has more than 22 years of experience in the HVAC, building management and construction industries, including more than eight with Trane.